Boonton 4500A RF Peak Power Meter/Analyzer

4500A RF Peak Power Meter/Analyzer

For analyzing RF signals with digital modulation, multiple carriers or today’s complex coding techniques, the Boonton Model 4500A yields the answers that designers and manufacturers of state-of-the-art wireless communications systems demand. Hard-tomeasure HDTV and spread-spectrum signals like CDMA and WCDMA are now easy to view and analyze, thanks to the innovative capabilities of the Model 4500A.

Along with all the time-domain measurements of Boonton’s Model 4400A, the Model 4500A adds a host of statistical measurements that are made on a continuously sampled RF signal. Adding the second input channel to these capabilities allows you to monitor two sources, such as input and output power, simultaneously. Powerful math functions can be used to analyze the differences between channels, making difficult measurements like output stage compression and intermodulation distortion easy to identify and to correct.

Time-domain waveform of 8 carriers spaced 700 kHz apart from
1.8 GHz to 1.8049 GHz and phase aligned for highest peak power.

MODEL 4500A ADDS STATISTICAL MEASUREMENTS CAPABILITY

Many modern communications systems use modulation methods that result in pseudorandom or noise-like signals. Examples of this are CDMA, WCDMA, multi-carrier, HDTV, and DAB. The traditional methods of RF power measurement are not adequate for these systems. A CW power meter can measure the average power of these signals provided care is taken not to overload the sensor or operate above the linear power region for diode sensors. Since the peak power can be 16 dB higher than the average power and these peaks are often compressed by amplifiers and other components of the communication system, some method is needed to measure the peak power as well as the average power. The Pulse Measurement mode described above can measure peak power over relatively short time intervals as required for time-based systems. However, CDMA, in particular, requires the measurement of infrequent power peaks over long time periods. It is also necessary to know how often various power levels occur as a percentage of the total run time.

This is achieved by calculating a cumulative distribution function (CDF) from a large number of power measurements. The Model 4500A can accumulate 500,000 power readings per second from one channel and internally create a histogram containing 4,096 discrete power levels of better than 0.02-dB resolution. Each power level bin is a 31-bit counter that records the number of occurrences of the corresponding power level. This process can be performed for two channels simultaneously at a rate of 250,000 power readings per second.

The histogram data is displayed as a cumulative distribution function (CDF) or a complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) for each channel. CCDF is also referred to as 1-CDF. A statistical measurement begins by clearing the histogram array to zero and resetting the elapsed time and sample counters. The measurement can be allowed to continue until one of the count bins fills to the maximum allowable number of counts: 2,100,000,000. At the maximum sampling rate, the running time exceeds one hour. The advantage of this method is that even a single occurrence of the highest power level during the running time will be recorded and appear on the distribution function display

SOPHISTICATED SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR FAST, AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENTS

Both the Models 4400A and 4500A have a dedicated floating point digital signal processor that performs shaping, filtering, calibration, offset compensation, and conversion of the test signal. Random repetitive sampling and selectable averaging provide accurate, stable measurements of all user-programmed waveform parameters. Digital signal processing permits pre-trigger information. Logarithmic detection provides the best dynamic range of 60 dB (-40 to +20 dBm) for peak power measurments.

Measurements are fast…two marker values and their delta are available 80 times per second over the bus, and all 14 automatic measurements are available 20 times per second.

SETUP & WAVEFORM STORAGE

Up to 10 complete panel setups can be stored and recalled from internal memory for applications in which the same instrument setups are used repetitively. For permanent hard-copy documentation, complete display data can be transmitted to a plotter or printer via an RS-232 serial, IEEE-488 port, or LPT port, supporting LaserJet, ThinkJet, and HPGL formats.

COLOR DISPLAY

The display is a VGA-compatible seven-inch diagonal color CRT with a resolution of 640 x 480 pixels. Waveforms are displayed at 501 x 281 resolution.

PEAK POWER SENSORS TO MATCH YOUR APPLICATION

Boonton Electronics offers a wide selection of sensors that are optimized for different characteristics such as frequency, risetime, and dynamic range.

All sensors feature a balanced diode configuration for high sensitivity and eveorder harmonic suppression. Low VSWR minimizes mismatch errors. Calibration factors traceable to NIST standards are stored in EEPROM, and an internal temperature sensor tracks temperature change. Calibration factor information and other sensor data are automatically downloaded to the instrument when the sensor is connected.

PRECISION 1-GHz CALIBRATION FOR PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION

A spectrally pure, 1-GHz NIST traceable calibrator guarantees measurement reliability. The userselectable automatic routine calibrates the sensor and instrument over the full dynamic range of the instrument. An output of –40 to +20 dBm (CW or pulsed) makes this a versatile source.

DISK DRIVE

The display is a VGA-compatible seven-inch diagonal color CRT with a resolution of 640 x 480 pixels. Waveforms are displayed at 501 x 281 resolution.

CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION (CDF)

The Model 4500A CDF is a plot of power on the vertical axis versus probability on the horizontal axis. The logarithmic power capability allows the entire dynamic range to be viewed at one time or a small region to be expanded up to 0.1 dB/division for detailed analysis. Likewise, the probability scale can be expanded up to 0.1%/division. Both scales can be offset over their full range to bring any portion of the magnified CDF into view. For every possible power level (p) within the total dynamic range, the CDF shows the probability in percent that the measured power is less than or equal to p. The maximum power level during the entire run will appear at 100% probability.

The adjustable markers allow the power to be read at any probability value along the curve, interpolating to a resolution of 0.01%. Adjustable reference lines allow the probability to be read for any power level to a resolution of 0.01 dBm. Summary results are continually updated and appear at the top of the display, as follows:

• Peak Power
• Average Power
• Peak-to-Average Ratio
• Total Elapsed Time
• Total Number of Samples
• Tolerance
• Reference Line Value

Alternatively, a TEXT display may be selected to display the above in addition to the following:

• Minimum Power
• Dynamic Range
• Confidence
• Marker Position and Value
• Reference Line Position and Value

When the second channel is installed, the CDFs for the two channels can be compared using the Math channel. CDFs can also be saved into REF1 and REF2 and to the floppy disk. The confidence level of the CDF is determined by the number of samples taken. For many purposes, useful results are obtained in just a few seconds of run time. For events with a low probability of occurrence, the run time must be increased to ensure capture.

COMPLEMENTARY CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

The same histogram data can be used to display the complement of the CDF or CCDF, which is also called the 1-CDF because of the manner in which it is calculated. For every possible power level (p) within the totally dynamic range, the CCDF shows the probability in percent that the measured power is greater than p. This definition flips the CDF curve from left to right placing the maximum power value on the zero percentage axis. This form is often more convenient to use, but contains the same information as the CDF.

CCDF of 8 carriers spaced 700 kHz apart from 1.8 GHz to 1.8049 GHz and phase aligned for highest peak power.	PDF of 8 carriers spaced 700 kHz apart from 1.8 GHz to 1.88049 GHz and phase aligned for highest peak power.

PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION (PDF)

The cumulative distribution function can be further processed to obtain an approximate probability density function or PDF. The PDF shows the relative occurrence of the various power levels. The probability that the power lies between any two values on the power axis is equal to the integral of the PDF between the two values. When the difference between the two values is equal to zero, the integral of the PDF is also zero. This means that it is not possible to determine the probability of occurrence of a particular power level. Strictly speaking, a discrete array such as the histogram of power values described above does not have a density function. However, it is useful for qualitative analysis to create an approximate PDF from the first-order derivative of the CDF. The process of differentiation exaggerates any errors in the CDF values. For this reason, measurements should always be made from the CDF or CCDF. The PDF is useful for visualizing QAM and other signals that have a finite number of discrete levels. For random noise signals, A Gaussian amplitude distribution will appear as a Rayleigh distribution in the linear power domain.

The TEXT display of measurements for the PDF is the same as for the CDF and CCDF. Adjustable markers and reference lines are also provided; there are no marker measurements in the PDF mode.